Introduction of modern immunosuppressive agents has led to great success of
allotransplantation in humans, and survival rates for all solid organs have been dramatically
improved. However, a constant proportion of organs is lost every year due to chronic
allograft rejection and immunosuppressive drug toxicity. This has led to a situation where,
despite the of donor organ shortage, about one third of the patients on the kidney transplant
waiting list are listed for a retransplant. The induction of donor-specific tolerance has the …