Apoptotic cell death is usually a response to the cell microenvironment. Apoptosis requires
the activation of lethal molecules and the inactivation of prosurvival ones. Both are potential
therapeutic targets. Apoptosis contributes to parenchymal cell loss in the course of acute
and chronic renal injury. Apoptotic pathways that are active in glomerular and tubular
epithelium include death induced by survival factor deprivation, death receptor activation,
mitochondrial injury, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lysosomal destabilization, and caspase …