In recent years, increasing evidence has been provided that even minor renal dysfunction is
a powerful cardiovascular risk factor that induces typical cardiovascular alterations and thus
predisposes to coronary heart disease as well as to noncoronary cardiovascular problems.
This first had been noted in patients with diabetes but now has been confirmed amply in
patients without diabetes as well. Numerous heterogeneous abnormalities have been
described in patients with early renal dysfunction (eg, microalbuminuria, reduced estimated …