Group A streptococci regulate the expression of virulence factors in response to environmental change. In order to investigate this mechanism, the growth of group A streptococci and the abundance of virulent exoprotein production in culture supernatant were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D electrophoresis) under several culture conditions. Judging from alterations in their growth, group A streptococci were affected by various environmental stresses. Under high O₂ and low CO₂ concentrations, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin F (SpeF) significantly decreased, and the streptococcal inhibitor of complement (Sic) increased . At 30 °C, increases in endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EndoS) and α-amylase were also detected, while at 41 °C EndoS became undetectable and SpeB and SpeF decreased. Sic, SpeF and mitogenic factor 3 (Mf3) decreased when cells were cultured in higher NaCl concentrations, and EndoS disappeared following culture of the cells in high glucose concentration. An increase in acid phosphatase and a decrease in several other proteins were detected when the cells were cultivated in high iron concentrations. These results suggest that group A streptococci have a versatile adaptation system that responds to several environmental stresses by altering the level of exoprotein production.