Although estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are well-established
biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), additional biomarkers are needed, especially
for the early stages of the disease when both albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration
rate may still be in the normal range and are less helpful for identifying those at risk of
progression. Traditional biomarker studies for early DKD are challenging because of a lack
of good early clinical end points, and most rely on changes in existing imprecise biomarkers …